Why one Higgs boson will not be enough

Discovery

one type of Higgs boson at the LHC - and nothing else - will be very bad news for theorists

Tuesday, scientists reported promising signs in the data of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) near Geneva, the existence of the Higgs boson. If the discovery is confirmed by new data, which means for physics and why bother?

First, the short answer. If the Higgs is discovered, they are probably one of the greatest triumphs of human intelligence in recent history, saying he spent 50 years building one of the great buildings of all theoretical science and construction of more complicated machine that was made.

is the good news. But if the Higgs is all that is in the LHC, which means that the orientation of other basic thumb that physicists need to try to understand the truly fundamental questions of our existence - to understand if the four forces of nature are unified a grand theory to determine what may have caused the big bang - always being absent. The answer to these questions may be beyond the technical and financial capabilities of this generation.

Now the long answer. Get something from nothing is one of the major developments in physics during the past century to understand how to create a universe from nothing, in our current understanding of how it could provide an alternative means of nothing - which is , empty space - with energy. But perhaps no better example relevant to our experience of how to get something for nothing that the phenomenon called "spontaneous symmetry breaking", which is the Higgs boson.

If our ideas about the Higgs boson turns out to be true, then all we see is a kind of smoke screen on the basis of an underlying fabric of reality that should not exist. The particles that are made are huge and come together to form protons, neutrons, nuclei, atoms and at the end. But without the Higgs boson, the particle is effectively massless, like photons, which are necessary to move without rest to the speed of light and can not be confined, except perhaps in a black hole.

We have all experienced how the weight of an object depends on where you are. In water, for example, these dynamic forces, which are heavy objects on earth seems lighter. Similarly, if you try to push something through a very thick liquid may seem heavy (giving more resistance to the force of his thrust) it would be if you were pushing into the air.

The standard model of particle physics implies that there is a background of otherwise invisible "Higgs field" that pervades all space. This field interacts with other particles with different degrees of strength . As the particles move through space, interacting with the Higgs background field, and those who interact more strongly experience greater resistance to movement, and act more heavily. Some particles, such as the photon does not interact with the field at all, and remain massless.

Thus, the mass of all we see is determined by the existence of this area, and if there are essentially all particles are massless. According to this image, the mass is an "accident" of our situation, because we exist in a universe in which a background field that passes took place.

Why a Higgs "particle"? Well, relativity tells us that there is no signal can travel faster than light. The incorporation of quantum mechanics tells us that the forces appears to be due to areas such as the electric field are actually transmitted between objects through the exchange of particles and these particles travel at an average speed of light or slower.

Why

particles transmit forces is like thinking of playing ball. If you throw a ball and catch it, then you will be repelled by the strength of my ball, and I will be repulsed by the act of throwing the ball. So we act like we were pushed back. Therefore, if there is a Higgs field, it follows that there must be a new particle associated with this field, and this is the Higgs particle. This seems to be a unique and great to invent something like angels on a pinhead. What scientists could imagine that this scenario? One of the great successes of the last theoretical half of the 20th century was the unification of two of the known forces in nature: electromagnetism and the weak force (responsible for the reactions that power the sun)

• According to this theory, the electromagnetic forces resulting from the exchange of massless photons, and are long range, while the results of short-range weak force the exchange of massive particles called W particles and Z - discovered experimentally in the 1980s after it was predicted to exist in the 1960s.
For this unification theoretical mathematical point of view, the three different types of particles would be massless in the underlying theory, and thus forces mediation would be almost identical. However, if W and Z particles get a mass by interacting with a background field - the Higgs field - that the underlying theory to be mathematically consistent unified, while at the same time, which implies that the two forces appear different scales that measure today.

If the Higgs boson is discovered at CERN, with a mass of 125GeV current rumors suggest, will be the crown jewel of our theoretical understanding not only of the unified electroweak theory, but also our understanding of our origins and the origin of almost all the mass is measured in the universe.

not everything is rosy though. The standard model provides no explanation of why the masses of the Higgs boson, W and Z scales do. In fact, other arguments suggest that the new physics is needed to ensure that this mass scale is not led to much higher energies due to quantum effects. One of the most exciting of which could be kept under control this behavior implies a new symmetry possible in nature, called supersymmetry.

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